Methods: Samples of sun-protected Tipifarnib buttock and sun-exposed forearm skin were obtained from young male (21-30 years, n = 8) and female (20-33 years, n = 8) subjects, as well as old male (70-78 years, n = 8) and female (70-80 years, n = 8) subjects, and their epidermal and dermal contents of hyaluronic acid (HA), total sulfated GAG (tsGAG),

total uronic acid (tUA), and tissue water were measured. HA content was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using HA-binding protein, tsGAG by the sulfated GAG assay kit using 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue, tUA by carbazole reaction, and tissue water by subtraction of tissue dry weight from wet weight.

Results: In the buttock, HA was higher in dermis than in epidermis, while tsGAG and tUA were higher in epidermis. In intrinsically aged buttock, find protocol epidermal HA and dermal tsGAG and tUA decreased. However, when analyzed for each gender, epidermal tsGAG, tUA, and tissue water decreased only in females. Forearm/buttock ratios of each molecule were compared for determination of photoaging-dependent changes. Forearm/buttock ratios of HA, tsGAG, tUA, and tissue water increased in aged dermis, but showed no change in aged epidermis. When analyzed for each gender,

ratios of epidermal HA and tissue water increased only in aged females, while ratios of epidermal tsGAG, tUA, and tissue water decreased only in aged males. Correlations EPZ015938 of water content with HA, tsGAG, and tUA were found in epidermis, but not with tsGAG in dermis.

Conclusion: These intrinsic aging- and photoaging-dependent GAG changes and their correlations with water content provide new insights into the pathophysiology of dry skin in the elderly. (C) 2011 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Sebaceous differentiation in normal salivary gland tissue is known to occur, but primary sebaceous neoplasms of the salivary gland are extremely rare. To the best of our knowledge, very few studies have described thin-section computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR)

imaging results in patients with sebaceous lymphadenomas. We describe a 75-year-old man with a sebaceous lymphadenoma of the right salivary gland. Thin-section CT images revealed a well-defined, inhomogeneous, low-density mass with scattered fat density areas, whereas dynamic MR images revealed a mass with fat intensity areas with an early enhanced and delayed washout pattern and an enhanced capsule. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e59-e62)”
“P>The priming agent beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA) is known to enhance Arabidopsis resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 by potentiating salicylic acid (SA) defence signalling, notably PR1 expression. The molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown.

CONCLUSION: FNAB is a simple, rapid and effective modality for achieving confirmation of mycobacterial disease in paediatric TB suspects with a palpable peripheral lymph node mass.”
“Objective: To evaluate whether amniotic fluid glucose concentration can predict poor neonatal outcome in cases with polyhydramnios as an overall assessment. Methods:

In this retrospective study, we have reviewed 42 consecutive pregnant women with singleton gestations complicated with polyhydramnios who gave birth at one tertiary care center between January 2003 and September 2010. Perinatal clinical findings were reviewed, and the neonatal outcome, such as livebirth or stillbirth and early neonatal death, was compared. A p value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Thirteen of 42 neonates had a poor outcome, including stillbirth or early neonatal death. Multiple logistic regression analysis selleck kinase inhibitor showed see more that amniotic fluid glucose (p = 0.042) was significant factor influencing poor neonatal prognosis [odds ratio 0.66; 95% confidence interval 0.44-0.98]. Receiver operating characteristics curve and sensitivity and specificity curve showed that the optimal cut-off value

of amniotic fluid glucose concentration for predicting poor neonatal outcome was 17 mg/dl. Conclusions: Amniotic glucose concentration less than 17 mg/dl and the presence of congenital heart anomaly were better predictors for a poor postnatal outcome in cases with polyhydramnios.”
“Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to discuss the role of established risk scores in assessing patient outcomes following high-risk mitral valve surgery.Recent findingsThe use of risk calculators has become increasingly popular in cardiac surgery, particularly in assessing risk for sick patients for whom percutaneous therapies may be advantageous. A review of the available literature suggests that validated algorithms, namely, the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II and Society of Thoracic

Surgeons models, may have poor discriminatory power in assessing risk for patients undergoing high-risk mitral surgery. Therefore, the limitations of these risk scores in this population must be taken into consideration.SummaryCurrent risk models provide important selleck chemicals insight into the perioperative risk to the patient. Further refinement of established risk scores, however, may provide better risk prognostication for patients undergoing high-risk mitral valve surgery.”
“The analysis of volatile compounds (VCs) generated by bacteria has been proposed as a possible alternative method for the identification of pathogenic bacteria. Further investigations into the VCs generated by many different species and strains of the same species are required alongside the use of consistent growth conditions and procedures throughout VC analysis.

Summary of Background Data. There is little knowledge about the cost-effectiveness of postoperative management of patients after spinal surgery.

Methods.

A total of 338 patients were recruited into the study between June 2005 and March 2009. Patients were randomized to rehabilitation only, booklet only, rehabilitation plus booklet, or usual care only. Interactions between booklet and rehabilitation were nonsignificant; hence, we compare booklet versus no booklet and rehabilitation versus no rehabilitation. We adopt an English National Health Service and personal social services perspective. Data on outcomes and GDC-0994 inhibitor costs are based on patient level data from the trial. A 1-year time horizon was used. Outcomes were measured in terms of quality-adjusted life years. Health-related quality of life was reported by patients using the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D). A comprehensive range of health service contacts were included in the cost analysis.

Results. There were no significant differences in costs or outcomes associated with either intervention. Mean incremental costs and mean quality-adjusted life years gained per

patient of booklet versus no booklet were -87 pound (95% CI: -1221 pound to 1047) pound and -0.023 (95% CI: -0.068 to 0.023), respectively. Figures for rehabilitation versus no rehabilitation were 160 pound (95% CI: -984 pound to 1304) pound and 0.002 (95% CI: -0.044 to 0.048), respectively. Neither intervention

VX-765 ic50 was cost-effective when compared with the threshold range commonly used to judge whether or not an intervention is cost-effective in the English National Health Service.

Conclusion. Cost-effectiveness evidence does not support use of booklet over no booklet or rehabilitation over no rehabilitation for the postoperative management of patients after spinal surgery.”
“Nineteen Arabidopsis accessions grown at low (LOW N) and high (HIGH N) nitrate supplies were labelled using (15)N to trace nitrogen remobilization to the seeds. Effects of genotype and nutrition were examined. selleck inhibitor Nitrate availability affected biomass and yield, and highly modified the nitrogen concentration in the dry remains. Surprisingly, variations of one-seed dry weight (DW(1S)) and harvest index (HI) were poorly affected by nutrition. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) was highly correlated with HI and showed that nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was increased at LOW N. Nitrogen remobilization efficiency (NRE), as (15)N partitioning in seeds ((15)NHI), was also higher at LOW N. The relative specific abundance (RSA) in seeds and whole plants indicated that the (14)NO(3) absorbed post-labelling was mainly allocated to the seeds (SEEDS) at LOW N, but to the dry remains (DR) at HIGH N. Nitrogen concentration (N%) in the DR was then 4-fold higher at HIGH N compared with LOW N, whilst N% in seeds was poorly modified.

For both samples, the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) increases with temperature and is about 0.1 at a temperature of 400 K. The low ZT compared to that of bulk crystals is mainly caused by a high doping level, suggesting the need for better control of the chemical composition in order to improve the ZT of the electrodeposited NWs. Moreover, bismuth telluride NWs with diameter less than 10 nm would be required for substantial suppression of the lattice thermal conductivity as well as experimental verification of see more theoretical predictions of power

factor enhancement in quantum wires. Such stringent diameter requirement can be relaxed in other NW systems with longer bulk phonon mean-free path or smaller effective mass and thus longer electron wavelength than those in bulk bismuth telluride.”
“Objective: To confirm the anticipated image quality and absence of adverse reactions in patients undergoing clinical practice cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak imaging procedures using technetium Tc-99m pyrophosphate (PYP).

Methods: Following the recent discontinuation of preservative- free calcium trisodium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid kits, PYP was selected https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gw2580.html as a suitable alternative for CSF leak imaging procedures. Procedures were established for its preparation and dispensing, paying special attention to safety considerations, and

its use in clinical practice was implemented. Medical records, including images, were reviewed for the first 15 patients undergoing clinical practice CSF imaging procedures using Tc-99m PYP to confirm anticipated image quality and absence of adverse effects.

Results: Review of CSF GSK3235025 purchase leak imaging procedures using Tc-99m PYP in 15 patients showed images to be of uniformly high quality. The vast majority of injected radiopharmaceutical

remained in the CSF throughout the duration of the imaging procedure, allowing visualization of CSF leaks. Only a small amount of Tc-99m PYP diffused into the blood with resultant uptake on the skeleton and excretion into the urine, which did not interfere with image interpretation. No adverse reactions were noted in any of the patients.

Conclusion: With proper attention to safety considerations, Tc-99m PYP is a safe and effective alternative for performing CSF leak imaging procedures.”
“This study aimed at determining the contribution of intestinal bifidobacteria to the immune system activation using widely distributed galectins as markers of immune cell homoeostasis. In human flora-associated mice, bacteria were enumerated in the gut, blood, spleen, liver and lungs, while the expression of galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) was estimated by PCR in the intestine and real-time quantitative PCR in the other organs. Gal-1 and -3 were rarely expressed in the intestine.

This result is of significant interest due to the low cost and abundant availability of residues. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Surgical absence of the prostate can make placement of fiducial markers difficult, because anatomic landmarks are distorted and there is a paucity of substantial tissue to hold

fast the markers. We describe a method for improving the accuracy of fiducial marker placement for the purpose of salvage or adjuvant external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer in patients who have undergone radical prostatectomy. To assist with identification of the urethrovesical junction and to facilitate placement of the markers, a Foley catheter was placed and the balloon was inflated. Gentle traction on the catheter seated the balloon at the bladder neck to echographically define the anatomy

of the urethrovesical this website junction. Next, a rectal ultrasound probe was inserted into the rectum, allowing visualization of the region of the urethrovesical junction. Fiducial markers were then placed bilaterally in the detrusor muscle at the bladder neck or in the periurethral tissue using the applicator needle. The treating radiation oncologist verified that marker placement was suitable for assisting with radiation therapy in all cases. Preradiation pelvic imaging verified that markers were not in the bladder or urethral lumen, and there were no patient complaints of voiding out the markers with urination.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate whether there is a relationship between glyburide dose and the rate of hypoglycemic episodes in

women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

METHODS: PRN1371 cell line We studied 674 women with GDM who were treated with glyburide and diagnosed from 2000 to 2009. Glucose data were downloaded from memory-based meters at each visit and analyzed to estimate the incidence of recorded episodes of hypoglycemia click here and the association with concurrent dose of glyburide therapy (2.5, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mg). Hypoglycemia was defined as a blood glucose of less than 50 mg/dL, further classified as “”severe hypoglycemia”" if the event required the assistance of another person for resuscitation, “”symptomatic hypoglycemia”" if it was associated with typical neurogenic symptoms, or “”asymptomatic hypoglycemia”" if the biochemical reading was less than 50 mg/dL with no symptoms or accompanied by mild symptoms that did not impair the patient’s ability to function.

RESULTS: Patients recorded a mean of 272 glucose values. Sixty-seven percent of the patients experienced no blood glucose values in the hypoglycemic range. 33% had 1-7% of their total blood glucose values within the hypoglycemic range. All recordings of hypoglycemic episodes were asymptomatic; no patient reported a severe or symptomatic hypoglycemic episode. A significant association was found between the incidence of asymptomatic hypoglycemia and mean blood glucose (P<.001).

These PTMs are considered to be ‘epigenetic’ or heritable from one cell generation to the next and help establish genomic expression patterns. While much of the analyses of histones have historically been performed using site-specific antibodies, these methods are replete with technical obstacles (i.e., cross-reactivity and epitope occlusion). Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has begun to play a significant role in the interrogation of histone PTMs, revealing learn more many new aspects of these modifications that cannot be easily determined with standard biological approaches. Here, we review the accomplishments of mass spectrometry in the histone field, and outline the future roadblocks

that must be overcome for mass spectrometry-based proteomics to become the method of choice for chromatin biologists.”
“Posidonia oceanica is important species of the marine ecosystems. However, large quantities of residues reaching the coastlines create pollution and high costs are required for their disposal. The mTOR inhibitor objective was to investigate the bioconversion efficiency of P. oceanica residues as a source of feedstock in order to propose alternative solutions to the landfill. The residues were collected

from the west coast of Turkey and hydrolyzed by both dilute sulfuric acid and cellulase. The maximum yield of reducing sugars was 21.6 g/L under the optimal conditions of enzyme pretreatment (7.5g substrate, 20 FPU, 90h), whereas 39.2 g/L was reached by consecutive enzymatic and acid hydrolysis. Quisinostat nmr Bioethanol yield based on the sugar consumed was 62.3% corresponding to a productivity of 0.46 kg/m(3) h in flasks, whereas 0.76 kg/m(3) h was achieved in 2 L bioreactor. The results showed that P. oceanica residues can be utilized as a potential feedstock for the production of bioethanol. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Bacterial pathogens produce protein toxins to influence host-pathogen

interactions and tip the outcome of these encounters toward the benefit of the pathogen. Protein toxins modify host-specific targets through posttranslational modifications (PTMs) or noncovalent interactions that may inhibit or activate host cell physiology to benefit the pathogen. Recent advances have identified new PTMs and host targets for toxin action. Understanding the mechanisms of toxin action provides a basis to develop vaccines and therapies to combat bacterial pathogens and to develop new strategies to use toxin derivatives for the treatment of human disease.”
“Proteomics is the study of proteins, their time- and location-dependent expression profiles, as well as their modifications and interactions. Mass spectrometry is useful to investigate many of the questions asked in proteomics. Database search methods are typically employed to identify proteins from complex mixtures.

2106delG in exon 19) were revealed in the two studied families.

Conclusion: Results of this study stress the necessity of considering Elafibranor the analysis of SLC26A4 in molecular diagnosis of deafness

especially when phenotypes such as goiter or enlarged vestibular aqueduct are present. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Deltamethrin, an alpha-cyano class of pyrethroid insecticide is used in insect pest control and antimalaria programs in several countries including India. Although various toxic manifestations of deltamethrin are reported in mammals, its ecotoxicologic dimensions are not adequately researched in ecologically and commercially important fishes. In this study, we report genotoxic effect of deltamethrin in a biomarker fish Channa punctata (Bloch). Adult fish were exposed to three concentrations of technical grade deltamethrin (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mu g/L) for 48 and 72 h. Ethyl methane sulfonate was used as a positive LBH589 research buy control. Fish were analyzed for induction of micronucleus (MN), nuclear abnormalities

(NAs), and oxidative stress biomarkers in erythrocytes. Deltamethrin significantly induced MN and NAs accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation. Activity of antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase was significantly decreased but an increase was observed in reduced glutathione level after 72 h of exposure. The NAs in exposed fish included blebbed, lobed and notched nuclei, and binucleated erythrocytes. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress may, in part, be contributing to deltamethrin-induced genotoxic damage to erythrocytes. Although

MN induction is a nonspecific biomarker, it may provide an indication of pollution load of deltamethrin in the affected fish population when used as part of suite of other biomarkers. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals. Inc. Environ Toxicol 24: 429-436, 2009.”
“Myocardial infarction is underoxygenation-driven limited necrosis of heart tissues which results in elimination of ca.0.5 to 1 billion spontaneously Selumetinib chemical structure contracting cardiomyocytes (CM). Since the ability of human heart to regenerate is limited, efforts have been undertaken to increase the number of cardiomyocytes in post-infarction myocardium. Theoretically, such proposals might involve transplantation of 1) skeletal myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, or 2) progenitor/stem cells, theoretically capable of differentiating into cardiomyocytes, or 3) pluripotent cells such as embryonal stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) differentiating into cardiomyocytes. The efforts to increase CM could also involve 4) in situ reprogramming of fibroblasts into active cardiomyocyte-like cells, or 5) stimulating in situ proliferation of cardiomyocytes using pharmacological agents. Only three proposals merit closer scrutiny (2, 4 and 5). However, preclinical and clinical data have demonstrated weak ability of progenitor cells to differentiate (proposal 2).

ConclusionsThe available evidence can guide but cannot provide any prescriber with absolute knowledge regarding

outcome for these frequently prescribed and potentially dangerous agents. Knowledge of the available evidence and application of such to our patients on an individualized basis hopefully will help to optimize therapeutic goals and minimize harms.”
“The magnetic field dependent current and electroluminescence (EL) of aluminum tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) (Alq(3))-based organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been measured at different temperatures. At low temperatures, the magnetic field effects consist of a rapid rising in EL in low field regime followed by a slow falling at high fields and a continuous increase in current for all applied magnetic

https://www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet151-gsk1210151a.html fields. The high field decrease in the EL is weakened and even vanishes at higher temperatures, which is attributed to the field affected triplet-triplet annihilation process. Other possible mechanisms about the magnetic field effects on electronic processes in OLEDs are also discussed. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3125507]“
“Objective To determine the incidence of and compare the types of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMIs) sustained in Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses during racing at 3 Midwestern racetracks from 2000 to 2006.

Design-Retrospective cohort study.

Animals-139 Thoroughbred

and 50 Quarter Horse racehorses euthanized because of CM Is.

Procedures-Veterinary Doramapimod chemical structure officials from 3 Midwestern racing jurisdictions provided injury reports for Thoroughbreds BMS202 ic50 and Quarter Horses that sustained CMIs (which required euthanasia) and the total number of race starts for each year. The number of CMIs/1,000 starts was determined for each racetrack. Past performance reports for each horse with a CMI were evaluated.

Results-The total number of race starts (both breeds) at the 3 racetracks from 2000 through 2006 was 129,460, with an overall incidence of 1.46 CMIs/1,000 race starts. Incidences of CMIs among racetracks were similar. Of horses that sustained a CMI, the median age of Thoroughbreds at first race was 3 years, compared with a median age of 2 years for Quarter Horses. A larger proportion of Thoroughbreds sustained a CMI in a claiming race than did Quarter Horses, and a larger proportion of Quarter Horses sustained a CMI in a futurity trial than did Thoroughbreds. The most common site for CMIs in Thoroughbreds was the left forelimb (69/124 [55.6%]), whereas most CMIs in Quarter Horses involved the right forelimb (18/30 [60.0%]).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Differences identified between CMI’s in Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses should allow veterinarians to focus on horses and anatomic regions of greatest risk of CMI during racing.

Data were analyzed with SPSS software.

Results:

One hundred fifty-six Videos were included in the analysis. Forty videos were classified as very or moderately useful (25.6%). Sources of the videos were as follows: patient experience, 103 videos (66%); physician, 30 (19%); surgical technique, 14 (9%); and news report, 9 (6%). Physician sourced information was generally at least moderately useful (58%) and patient experience videos were the predominant source of videos categorized as not useful or misleading (50%). Physician sourced information (coefficient = 0.61; 95% CI: .21 to 1.00,p = 0.003) and PT search term Gamma-secretase inhibitor (coefficient = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.05 to .47, p = 0.017) were the most useful videos after adjusting for mean duration, days this website online, number of views and page search.

Conclusion: YouTube has a large number of videos on pediatric tonsillectomy with a variety of content ranging from very useful to not useful, and misleading. Health care professionals must recognize the potential influence that these video Web sites may have on patient attitudes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Glycerol dehydratase (GDHt) is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol. The optimization of inducting process for recombinant GDHt from Klebsiella pneumoniae XJPD-Li

Carried out to increase specific activity and ratio of soluble form. The optimum Condition was inducing under the isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside Concentration of 0.8 mM and the temperature of 20 degrees C for 3 h. Homogeneity of

GDHt then was obtained by affinity Chromatography, resulted in 2.11-fold purification and an overall yield of 47.5%. The optimum pH and reaction temperature of GDHt were pH 8.0 and 45 degrees C, respectively. The K(m) for glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,2-ethanediol and Coenzyme B(12) were 0.48 mM, 1.43 mM, 3.07 mM, and 10.03 nM, respectively. The GDHt showed relatively stable even under temperature of 40 degrees C and a bit blunt to oxygen. The thermo-inactivation kinetic models were fit linear under different temperatures.”
“Background: In the past decade, there has been a trend toward open reduction and internal fixation of unstable distal radial Selleckchem AZD6244 fractures. There are now more than thirty different implant designs specific for the fixation of distal radial fractures. A multicenter prospective study of a case series was conducted to determine the efficacy of the operative management of distal radial fractures stabilized with 2.4-mm locking plates.

Methods: One hundred and fifty patients were entered into the study over a two-year period. The mean age of these patients was fifty-one years, and the cohort included eighty-eight women and sixty-two men. Eighty-six patients sustained a low-energy injury. Seventy-one percent of the fractures in the series were intra-articular and were Type C according to the Muller-AO Comprehensive Classification.

We have shown correlations between the NMR-LSP and body size and dietary composition. JQ1 purchase (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Female genital tuberculosis is a rare disease in developed countries but it is a frequent cause of chronic

pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in undeveloped countries. A rare case of tubercular endometritis diagnosed at hysteroscopy and successfully treated in a woman with secondary infertility, is presented. As far as we know this is the first case that shows the association between endometrial micropolyps and tubercular endometritis.”
“In the present work, we have investigated a comparative performance of the silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) nanoparticles embedded SiO2 floating NVP-HSP990 price gate MOS memory devices. In such devices for low applied fields, the tunneling current is dominated by the direct tunneling mechanism, whereas for

higher electric fields, the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling mechanism dominates. As the device dimensions get smaller, problem arises in the conventional MOS memory devices due to the leakage through the thin tunnel oxide. This leakage can be reduced via charge trapping by embedding nanoparticles in the gate dielectric of such devices. Here one objective is to prevent the leakage due to the direct tunneling mechanism and the other objective is to reduce the write voltage, by lowering the onset voltage of the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling mechanism. Our simulations for the current voltage characteristics covered both the low and the high applied field regions. Simulations showed that both the Si and the Ge nanoparticles embedded gate dielectrics offer reduction of the leakage current and a significant lowering of the writing or programming onset voltage, compared to the pure SiO2 gate dielectric. In terms of the comparative performance, the Germanium nanoparticles embedded gate dielectric showed better results

compared to the silicon nanoparticles embedded one. The results of the simulations are discussed in the light of recent experimental results. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3555087]“
“Background and aims: The ratio of apolipoprotein B/AI (apo B/AI) has been used as a marker to predict the risk of coronary artery disease. Recent studies high throughput screening assay have suggested an association between apolipoprotein B level and microalbuminuria in diabetic subjects. This study was performed to assess a possible association between the apo B/AI ratio and microalbuminuria in male subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

Methods and results: In 1266 patients with fasting serum glucose level in the pre-diabetic range, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR, mu g mg(-1)) was measured from single morning voided urine. The presence of microalbuminuria was defined as a UACR between 30 and 299 mu g mg(-1). Participants were stratified into four groups by apo B/AI quartiles, from the lowest to the highest.