Matthew T. Ardito and William D. Martin performed the immunoinformatics analysis and contributed to the design of the immunoinformatics analysis, the selection of the epitopes, and the interpretation and reporting of the results. Leonard Moise analyzed data and contributed to writing the manuscript. Anne S. De Groot conceived of the overall approach, supervised the research program, coordinated the international effort, interpreted the results, and wrote the paper with Christine Boyle and Lauren Levitz, who also reviewed the current literature and assisted with comparison of our results to other published work. The authors selleck compound wish
to acknowledge the efforts of: Bill Jesdale and Julie McMurry, who contributed Sunitinib to the research program described here at its inception; Charles Carpenter, Fadi Mansourati, Gail Skowron, Kenneth H. Mayer, and Michelle Lally, who assisted with subject identification in Providence; and Jeffery Ahlers, who reviewed the manuscript and provided invaluable suggestions for improvement prior to submission. Mali Rochas, executive director of the GAIA Vaccine Foundation in Providence, provided instrumental assistance
with the coordination of this international research program. And finally, the study would not have been possible without the willing and generous participation of HIV-infected individuals in Providence and Mali; to them, we are especially grateful. This study was supported by National Institutes of Health Research Grant: NIH R01 AI050528, R43 AI 46212, and R21 AI 45416 (PI: A.S. De Groot). “
“Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis
(SE) is a pandemic pathogen, present in countries with industrial poultry production since the ADP ribosylation factor 1990s [1]. Each year, millions of foodborne salmonellosis cases occur worldwide, resulting in an estimated 155,000 deaths [2]. Poultry meat and eggs are largely implicated in SE foodborne infections [3], and the use of vaccine programs has shown great application for SE control in poultry flocks [4] and [5]. Salmonella vaccines can act by distinct mechanisms. Killed vaccines are vastly adopted in many countries, for vaccination of commercial table-egg layers. Most of these vaccines contain SE antigens and adjuvants, and stimulate an enhanced humoral immune response, with variable levels of protection [6] and [7]. Otherwise, live vaccines containing attenuated Salmonella strains stimulate cell mediated immunity (CMI), not necessarily producing high antibody titers [8]. Due to the low risk of human infection and the host-specificity, attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG) have been extensively used as live vaccines against salmonellosis in chickens [9], [10], [11] and [12].