Venom was collected according to da Silveira et al. (2002), pooled and stored at −20 °C until use. Protein concentration was determined by Bradford method ( Bradford, 1976). L. laeta, Loxosceles intermedia and Loxosceles gaucho Brazilian mature spiders were collected in the region of Curitiba, PR, Brazil and maintained at the Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos (CPPI) of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The venoms from mature spiders were obtained as described before. Phoneutria nigriventer spiders and Tityus serrulatus scorpions were collected in the region of Belo

Horizonte and maintained at the “Seção de Animais Peçonhentos” of Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED) of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The crude

venoms were obtained by electric stimulation, lyophilized and stored at −20 °C in the dark until use. Two commercial antivenoms were used for the neutralization assay, the antivenom produced in CPPI, Brazil Dasatinib cell line (Lot. S02100) against BLlv, L. intermedia and L. gaucho venoms and an antivenom produced by Instituto Nacional de Salud del Perú (INS) (Lot. 0300069), containing antibodies against PLlv. The lethality was assessed via intradermal (i.d.) route. Groups of four mice were injected with different doses of venoms (0.4, 0.56, 0.784, 1.098, 1.537, 2.152 mg per kg of body weight) dissolved in 0.1 mL of PBS-BSA 0.5%. Seventy-two hours later deaths were recorded and the LD50 was then calculated by Probit analysis (Finney, 1971). The dermonecrotic, hemorrhagic Selleckchem NVP-LDE225 and edematogenic activities of PLlv and BLlv were determined by intradermal injection of 10 μg of crude venom in 100 μL of PBS pH 7.2 into the shaved back of

five rabbits for each venom, as described by Furlanetto (1962). Injection of PBS alone was used as negative control. The diameters of dermonecrotic, hemorrhagic and edematogenic lesions were measured in the skin areas with a scale meter and caliper rule, 72 h after injection. Three measures of each lesion were made and their arithmetic mean was considered the mean diameter of the lesion. The sphingomyelinase (SMase) activity was measured using the Amplex Red Sphingomyelinase Assay Kit (Invitrogen) as previously described (Gatt et al., 1978; Binford et al., 2009). Briefly, different amounts Sinomenine of the venoms (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 μg) were assayed in triplicates. Varion Cary eclipse fluorescence spectrophotometer was used to measure the fluorescence emission from the reactions. Protein profile of PLlv and BLlv was analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis using the IPG-SDS-PAGE system ( Gorg, 1993). The venom was solubilized in lysis buffer containing 8 M urea, 2 M thiourea, 4% w/v CHAPS, 65 mM dithioerythritol, 40 mM Tris, 0.002% bromophenol blue, protease inhibitor and 1% of IPG buffer. Nonlinear immobilized pH 3–10 gradient IPG strips were rehydrated with 100 μg of the venom for 4 h (no electric field) and then for 12 h at 30 V.