11 and 12 We have developed a range of statistical models that address these limitations. Our analysis provide estimates of the number of influenza-associated health care outcomes in different age groups in those with and without high-risk conditions in England under the existing influenza vaccination selleck screening library programme. Measuring the effect of being in a high-risk group on the age-related burden of influenza was
essential for the modelling and cost effectiveness analyses that underpinned the recent decision in the United Kingdom to extend the existing age and risk-based vaccination policy to healthy children. 3 Data were obtained for the eight years immediately preceding the A(H1N1)v pandemic (2000/1 to 2007/8) and arranged into epidemiological years April to March to encompass the annual influenza season. Laboratory reports: Public Health
England receives weekly computerised reports of clinically significant infections confirmed by microbiology laboratories in England and Wales. The United Kingdom Standards Z-VAD-FMK nmr for Microbiology Investigations recommend the diagnostic algorithms that should be applied to patients presenting with different clinical syndromes in order to promote consistency in testing over time and between laboratories. 13 Weekly numbers of reports PD-1 antibody by date of test and age group were obtained from the national database for the following pathogens: influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, S. pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Only invasive specimens of S. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were included due to lack of consistency in reporting non-invasive isolates. The increasing use of genomic detection methods for rhinovirus and parainfluenza resulted in a spurious temporal increase in these respiratory viruses. Reports for these pathogens where the method of
detection was either “genomic detection” or “antibody detection” were therefore omitted from the analysis. The proportion of influenza A cases that are either H1 or H3 subtypes was obtained from the results of routine surveillance specimens taken by general practices in the United Kingdom participating in the Royal College of General Practitioners Weekly Returns Service. 14 Inpatient admissions: Weekly inpatient admissions to National Health Service hospitals in England were obtained from the Hospital Episode Statistics database. 15 Patients were included in the analysis if they had an acute respiratory illness code (ICD-10 codes J0*, J1*, J2*, J3*, J40*, J41*, J42*, J43*, J44*, J47*) in any diagnosis field.