It is estimated that rates of LTBI in the community

need to be less than 1% to allow TB elimination [94]. At present, there are no accurate tests to predict which of the 2 billion individuals with LTBI will fail to contain the infection and progress to active tuberculosis. Individual testing for genotypes associated INCB024360 solubility dmso with a reduced risk of active tuberculosis, such as autophagy gene variant immunity-related GTPase M (IRGM)-261T [95] and Mal S180L [96], may enable clinicians to target treatment for LTBI to patients at a higher risk of progression. Autophagy plays a key role in immune responses to mycobacteria; it kills intracellular mycobacteria, enhances antigen presentation and modulates the secretion of important cytokines. Moreover, genomewide analysis of host responses to infection with Mtb indicates that survival of the bacilli hinges on its ability to modulate autophagy. Thus, autophagy offers an attractive therapeutic target. Agents that promote autophagy might prove efficacious as an adjunctive treatment for drug-resistant and drug-sensitive tuberculous disease. They might also be used to target latent tuberculosis. In addition, vaccines which specifically stimulate autophagy could prove more effective in protecting against tuberculosis. Effective treatment for tuberculosis could save as many as 1·7 million lives every year:

the stakes are high, and autophagy could be a trump card. CNC is funded by the Health Research Board as part of the National SpR Academic Fellowship Programme; JK, ECL and JH are funded by Science Foundation Ireland as part of the Immunology Research Centre, SFI Strategic Research Cluster. None selleck products of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare, or any relevant financial interest, in any company

or institution that might benefit from this publication. “
“MHC anchor residue-modified “heteroclitic” peptides have been used in many cancer vaccine trials and often induce greater immune responses than the wild-type peptide. The best-studied system to date is the decamer MART-1/Melan-A26–35 peptide, EAAGIGILTV, where the natural alanine at position 2 has been modified to leucine to improve human leukocyte Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II antigen (HLA)-A*0201 anchoring. The resulting ELAGIGILTV peptide has been used in many studies. We recently showed that T cells primed with the ELAGIGILTV peptide can fail to recognize the natural tumor-expressed peptide efficiently, thereby providing a potential molecular reason for why clinical trials of this peptide have been unsuccessful. Here, we solved the structure of a TCR in complex with HLA-A*0201-EAAGIGILTV peptide and compared it with its heteroclitic counterpart , HLA-A*0201-ELAGIGILTV. The data demonstrate that a suboptimal anchor residue at position 2 enables the TCR to “pull” the peptide away from the MHC binding groove, facilitating extra contacts with both the peptide and MHC surface.