Greater momentum transferral can therefore occur to hydrogen and therefore better disperses the plasma plume. A smooth surface and continuous film depth profile are important for both the fabrication of multilayered functional devices and for electrically conductive materials. The inclusion of hydrogen in the background gas, as demonstrated Selleckchem CYC202 here, can therefore be viewed as an important experimental parameter for the development of such materials and devices. Figure 2 SEM cross sections of Si thin films fabricated under different deposition

parameters. SEM cross sections of Si thin films deposited by (a) room temperature in an Ar atmosphere, (b) room temperature in 4% H in Ar and (c) 200°C in 4% H in Ar. The heating of the substrate during the deposition of the sample presented

in Figure 2c provides further information to the fabrication of thin films via fs-PLD. As can be seen, a noticeable reduction in pores throughout the film is observed, relative to Figure 2b, as well as maintaining the smooth surface. As discussed earlier, fs-PLD deposits a range of nanoparticulate sizes; for silicon, these particles can be either in a crystalline phase or an amorphous phase. Raman spectroscopy is commonly employed for the analysis of silicon nanoparticles; it is a powerful technique which can define the average particle size as well as give an indicator for the amorphous to crystalline ratio of the find more particles. In order to accurately define the average particle size, one must also take note of the stresses on the particles themselves; however, TEM analysis has already given the particle size distribution, and therefore, this will not be discussed here. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was carried out using a Renishaw InVia micro-Raman microscope (Wotton-under-Edge, UK) on several films and identified

a mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases in the material. From Figure 3, one can see the sharp Lorentzian peak at 520 cm −1 to signify the existence of crystalline silicon and the broad TCL Gaussian peak at 480 cm −1 which represents the amorphous fraction of the film. Figure 3 Micro-Raman spectroscopy of sample deposited at 200°C. Crystalline fraction found at approximately 520 cm −1 and the amorphous fraction at 480 cm −1, demonstrating a mixture of the two phases within the films. Optical transmission spectroscopy was also carried out to observe variations with regard to the absorption of films fabricated under different Elafibranor concentration conditions. By varying the fluence of the laser and/or the background gas pressure in 4% H in Ar, a qualitative relationship was identified with regard to variations in the absorption coefficient of the materials. This is presented in Figure 4, where samples deposited at a lower fluence demonstrate an increased absorption coefficient and those deposited at 5 mTorr as opposed to 20 mTorr also demonstrate a higher absorption coefficient.