Aggregation was observed from the Cry8Ea1 toxin after a short period of storage, but no aggregation occurred with the Cry8Ea1 toxin–DNA complex. It may be inferred that (1) the monomer of the Cry8Ea1 toxin is not thermodynamically stable, and aggregation is needed to reach a thermodynamically stable state and that (2) the presence of DNA in association with the toxin can make the protein more stable and prevent the toxin from aggregation to some extent. 5-FU Oligomers have been found in solutions of Cry proteins; however, native Cry toxins do not form oligomers of a defined size (Feng & Becktel, 1994; Walters et al., 1994; Guereca

& Bravo, 1999; Guo et al., 2009b). Oligomers and monomers of Cry1Ac in solution have different abilities to insert into membranes; spontaneous insertion only occurs with the monomers (Convents et al., 1990; Smedley et al., 1997). The fact that the association of DNA with

the Cry8Ea1 toxin can prevent the toxin from nonspecific aggregation in solution may indicate that the DNA is very important for the Cry toxin to retain its subunit state before oligomerization on the midgut epithelial cell BBMV, which is related to the membrane insertion. Using DNA as a protector may be the result of evolution in nature. Our data show that Cry8Ea1 toxin–DNA is more hydrophobic than the toxin alone and has a greater ability to insert into the lipid bilayer in vitro. It may be inferred that in vivo, the Cry8Ea1 toxin–DNA complex may have a greater tendency to move towards phospholipid membranes, which could help the complex to find and interact with its acceptors on the membrane. buy Buparlisib It will be very interesting to compare the ability of the

Cry8Ea1 toxin with and without DNA in membrane insertion in vivo, because partitioning of Cry toxins into monolayers may not be identical to the partitioning Morin Hydrate of Cry toxins into bilayers or in vivo insertion into BBMV or insect midguts, but our further research was restricted by the A. corpulenta larvae supplement because the insect cannot be cultivated in a lab. In conclusion, based on the previous proposals that DNA is essential for crystal formation and probably facilitates the sequestering of the protein during sporulation (Clairmont et al., 1998), we further propose that the role of DNA in binding to the Cry8Ea1 toxin of B. thuringiensis is to stabilize the protein from aggregation and increase the tendency of the toxin to move towards the phospholipid membrane. This work was supported by grants from the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2009CB118902 and 2007CB109203). We thank Professor Sengfang Sui of the Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, for providing the NIMA 9000 microbalance and giving helpful suggestions on monolayer studies. We also thank Dr Neil Crickmore for his helpful suggestions on this research.