Without etching, the height of the area pre-processed at 10-μN load was lower than that at 40 μN. When the KOH solution etching time was increased, A-B was nearly 3 nm until 20 min. The heights of the areas were similar in value at 25 min. In contrast, at 30- and 35-min etching time, the height of the 10-μN load area was higher than that at 40 μN. These results show that the etching rate of the area pre-processed at 40-μN load was larger than that at 10 μN. This is deduced to be because the area pre-processed with plastic deformation at 40-μN load was more easily etched due

to damage compared with the uniform protuberance pre-processed at 10 μN.Figure  15 shows a model of etching depth dependence on KOH solution etching time for pre-processed areas. SAHA ic50 Sapanisertib in vitro As shown in Figure  15b, with an increase of etching time, by the removal of the natural oxide layer, the 1.5-μN-load pre-processed area was etched at first. The etching rate increased with KOH solution etching time under processing at low load and scanning density.However, as shown in Figure  15c, the two areas processed at higher load and

scan density were not etched because of their thick oxide layers. These thick oxide selleck layers, which were mechanochemically formed on the areas processed at higher load, prevented the KOH solution etching and thereby decreased the etching rate. From these results, the etching rate is controllable by the removal of the natural oxide layer and direct oxidation by mechanical action. Grooves with various depths can be obtained using this etching rate control. Figure 15 Model of the increasing and decreasing of etching rate. (a) Change to surface profile by mechanical processing. (b) Change to surface profile by KOH solution etching (25 min). (c) Change to surface profile by KOH solution etching (40 min). Conclusions To realize the nanofabrication

of a Si substrate, the etching depths obtained with KOH solution were controlled using mechanical pre-processing under various loads and scanning density conditions. Removal and formation of the oxide etching mask was performed on silicon surfaces Branched chain aminotransferase using atomic force microscopy. Areas mechanically pre-processed at 1- to 4-μN load exhibited an increased KOH solution etching rate due to the removal of the natural oxide layer by the mechanical action. The dependence of etching depth on pre-processing load and scanning density was clarified. At every scanning density, there were certain load ranges within which the etching depth increased. In contrast, protuberances with a thick oxide layer produced by mechanical pre-processing at higher load suppressed etching. This mechanochemical oxide layer had superior etching resistance to that of the natural oxide layer. Protuberances were processed on the Si surfaces under stress conditions both lower and higher than that where plastic deformation occurs. These processed areas were hardly etched by the KOH solution.