We studied the in vivo uptake of [18F]EF5 and [18F]FDG in xenografts from UT-SCC cell lines. We also evaluated the in vitro accumulation of these tracers in the same cell lines. Finally, we investigated the association between these PET tracers and biologic markers commonly considered to be related to [18F]EF5 and [18F]FDG uptake or to the tumorigenesis of HNSCC. [18F]EF5 was synthesized from 2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,3,3-trifluoroallyl)-acetamide using high-specific activity [18F]F2 ([18F]fluorine gas) as the labeling reagent [21]. The specific activity of [18F]EF5, decay corrected to the end of synthesis, exceeded 3.7 GBq/μmol. Radiochemical purity was higher

than 98.5% in every production batch. [18F]FDG was synthesized from mannosyl triflate using a nucleophilic method. The radiochemical purity exceeded 95% in every Cabozantinib production batch. Four primary cell lines (Table 1) derived from human HNSCC and originating from the UT-SCC collection were kindly provided by Prof Reidar LBH589 solubility dmso Grénman. Cells were routinely cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Gibco®, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) containing l-glutamine (Gibco), nonessential amino acids (Gibco), streptomycin, penicillin (Gibco), and 10% FBS (Gibco) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Male nude mice (Athymic nu/nu; Harlan Laboratories, Horst, The Netherlands), weighing

33.1 (29.0-37.1) g, were used to establish xenografts from UT-SCC-8, UT-SCC-25,

UT-SCC-34, and UT-SCC-74A HNSCC cell lines. Mice were irradiated with 4 Gy (3 Gy/min) 1 day before tumor transplantation to reduce their immunity. Depending on the cell line, 1 to 10 × 106 cells were subcutaneously injected into the flank of each mouse. Throughout this study, cell line passage numbers were kept as low as possible (p6-p40). Mice were maintained in individually ventilated animal cages under controlled pathogen-free environmental Histamine H2 receptor conditions (21°C, humidity = 55 ± 5%, and lights on from 6:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M.) with free access to water and standard food. Animals were observed on daily basis, and tumor sizes were measured weekly (V = (π/6) × a × c × b). The experimental procedures were reviewed by the local Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation at the University of Turku and approved by the Provincial State Office of Western Finland. Mice (n = 3 per cell line) bearing tumors with an average size of 406 (105-685) mm3 were anesthetized with 2.5% isoflurane, and body temperature was maintained using a heating pad. Following a transmission scan for attenuation correction using the computer thomography (CT) modality, an emission scan was acquired in three-dimensional list mode (Inveon; Siemens Medical Solutions, Knoxville, TN, USA). Mice were injected with 11.6 (9.1-14.0) MBq of [18F]EF5 or 12.1 (10.7-13.3) MBq of [18F]FDG into a tail vein on consecutive days.