This behaviour was not absolute, however. MUPs stimulate the VNO, and the extent to which the VSN activation pattern differed between self and non-self MUP combinations correlated with the probability of countermarking to non-self [18••]. In other words, male mice may make quantitative judgements on when to countermark by pattern matching against their own MUP code. As MUP profiles get more similar with genetic-relatedness [31], this mechanism could underpin a range of male-male interactions

selleckchem in complex social hierarchies. In recent years it has become clear that mammalian pheromones promote behaviour through a number of different mechanisms. While further examples of monomolecular signals initiating an innate behaviour via a single sensory circuit may well be found, it appears likely that complicated coding strategies Fluorouracil supplier have evolved to support

the complexity, and flexibility, of mammalian social behaviour. It is open to debate whether these signals, involving individuality and learning and often requiring context, meet the classical definition of a pheromone. Indeed some argue that mammalian pheromones do not exist at all [32], while others have proposed helpful modifications to classical definitions to encompass these new mechanisms 2 and 33]. Putting semantics aside, it is clear that the use of defined chemical stimuli to provoke behaviour has, and will continue, to shed insight into the social lives of mammals. Nothing declared. Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: • of special interest The author thanks Ximena Ibarra-Soria and Gabriela Sánchez-Andrade for comments on this manuscript. I am supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant No. 098051) and the EMBO Young Investigator Programme. “
“Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2015, 1:xx–yy This review comes from a themed

issue on Cognitive neuroscience Edited by Cindy Lustig and Howard Eichenbaum http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.07.005 2352-1546/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Decades’ worth of research documents the involvement of the hippocampus in rapidly encoding new episodes, which are then transferred (i.e., consolidated) to neocortex over time. However, memory is a dynamic phenomenon. The once widely accepted view Palbociclib supplier that such consolidated memories are immune to modification has since been refuted. Consolidated memories may be reactivated during new experiences, at which point they become susceptible to distortion, deletion, or updating 1, 2 and 3. Conversely, reactivated memories may also influence how new content is encoded 4•• and 5. Here, we review the recent work in cognitive and behavioral neuroscience that investigates the complex ways in which memories influence one another and change over time. One way such mutual influence may occur is through memory integration.