The subtalar

joint, or the talocalcaneal joint, is one of the three hindfoot joints. It controls eversion and inversion of the foot on the talus. The midfoot is the link-bridge between the hindfoot and forefoot. It includes the midtarsal (talonavicular and calcaneocuboid), naviculocuneiform (medial, intermediate and lateral), cuboidocuneiform and Lisfranc joints. The prevalence of subtalar and midfoot joint involvement in RA has been reported by Vainio et al.[11] as early as 1956, in which subtalar, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint pathologies occurred in 70% of RA patients compared with the ankle, which occurred in 9%. Vidigal et al.[19] who examined the feet of 200 consecutive admissions with chronic RA found that 104 of these patients had foot pain or deformity. Radiologically, midtarsal this website joint involvement was seen in 62% (124 feet) and subtalar joint disease was noted in 32% (64 feet). In order of decreasing frequency, arthritis in the foot affects the forefoot, midtarsal, subtalar and ankle.

Subtalar joint pain is felt mainly in the lateral hindfoot on activity due to chronic inflammation and destruction. If left untreated, progressive eversion at the subtalar selleck antibody joint, together with dysfunction of peritalar ligaments and the tibialis posterior tendon, subsequently lead to instability of the subtalar and midtarsal joints.[20, 21] Lateral subluxation beginning in the midfoot, causes the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch, pes planovalgus or valgus deformity that contributes

to difficulty in walking.[21, 22] The gait abnormalities detected in early RA patients are similar to those reported in established disease. Turner et al.[23] who examined foot function in a small cohort of 12 early RA patients with disease duration < 2 years, found small but oxyclozanide clinically important changes and disability in these patients when compared to controls. These included slower walking speeds, a longer double-support phase, reduced heel rise angle in terminal stance, lower medial arch height and greater peak eversion in stance. Pressure analysis indicated lesser toe contact area, elevated peak forefoot pressure and a larger midfoot contact area in these patients. Imaging plays a crucial role in the assessment of RA. Among all the imaging techniques, plain radiographs remain the initial screening test for RA patients. In the midfoot, characteristic radiographic features include diffuse joint space loss, bony sclerosis and osteophytosis, with osseous erosion being uncommon. The differentiation of RA involvement from degenerative, post-traumatic or neuropathic disorders may be difficult in these regions.[12] For radiological progression of RA, either the modified Sharp method or the Larsen method is used, but both methods do not specifically address midfoot or subtalar joint involvement.