The obvious next question then is what the nature of the balance between the two task representations might be and how might these differ on switch vs. repeat trials? The most economical set point would probably be a situation in which the balance between competing task representations is quite finely tuned, such that the currently

disengaged task, while temporarily ‘dormant’, can be readily reinstated. It seems reasonable to suppose that the fine balance between representations would be more easily titrated during RG7420 solubility dmso repeat trials whereas switch trials might be characterised by more dramatic swings in this balance to ensure that the new task is properly instantiated. In fact, it is worth considering what the nature of the cue stimulus and the temporal trajectory of cue-decoding would be in a paradigm Ipilimumab concentration such as the one used herein. The cue stimuli clearly serve a dual purpose. The first purpose is to act as a warning stimulus, marking the beginning of a temporally stereotyped trial, and this information is provided by the cue very early during the processing hierarchy. That is, the semantic information content of the cue (i.e. which task is to be engaged), which is encoded in the

pictorial representation, will not be available until relatively later in processing (probably after 150 ms; Thorpe et al., 1996). In contrast, simple detection of the occurrence of the cue is registered some 80–100 ms earlier. This raises an interesting dichotomy and one that bears on the instantiation of preparatory HSP90 processes. It is entirely likely that initial registration of the cue as a temporally predictive warning stimulus would initiate parallel preparation of both task-set configurations before the system has any access to the semantic content of the cues, and that it is only later, as this content is decoded, that the system begins to bias preparatory processes towards the cued task. Again, the notion

that the now irrelevant task preparatory processes would somehow be aborted completely is not consonant with the nature of ongoing neural processing dynamics. Rather, the probability is that preparation for the irrelevant task begins to decay, or is actively suppressed, as preparation for the relevant task begins to be actively enhanced. Results from a recent audiovisual task-switching study are in very close agreement with those reported herein (Rapela et al., 2012). In mixed blocks, a stream of interspersed auditory and visual stimuli were presented and occasional cues (the words ‘look’ and ‘hear’) instructed participants to switch to the task within the cued modality. Strong desynchronisation of alpha-band activity was measured when the cue counseled a switch to the visual task, a desynchronisation that subsequently attenuated substantially once sustained attention had been established for the visual stream (i.e. for repeat trials).