The mean evolutionary divergence of 0.0131 between the two clusters was 6 times more than the divergence within each cluster. Figure 2 Neighbour-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree showing taxa-specific separation of M. guilliermondii from M. caribbica. The tree was constructed based on the evolutionary distance calculated using Kimura-2 parameter from the nucleotide sequence of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown next

to the branches for values >40%. The bar represents 1% sequence divergence. GenBank accession numbers are mentioned within the parentheses. S. cerevisiae AZD1152 research buy was the outgroup in the analysis. T = Type strain. The mtDNA-RFLP using HaeIII and HinfI distinctly segregated the yeast isolates into M. guilliermondii and M. caribbica. mtDNA-RFLP profile-based dendrogram formed two clusters (Figure 3) similar to the ITS-RFLP groups. Between the two enzymes used, HinfI showed higher polymorphism than HaeIII. Electrophoretic karyotyping also distinctly discriminated the above two species (Figure 4). The species-specific mtDNA-RFLP pattern suggested that the isolates of each group belonged to only one strain (Figure 3). Whereas electrophoretic karyotyping brought out strain level diversity Compound C solubility dmso in

both the groups which confirmed that multiple strains of M. guilliermondii and M. caribbica were involved in the indigenous bamboo shoot fermentation (Figure 4 and Additional file 2: Figure S4). Figure 3 mtDNA-RFLP based dendrogram next showing distinct clustering of M. guilliermondii and M. caribbica . The dendrogram was constructed using UPGMA algorithm on Jaccard similarity coefficients generated from HaeIII and HinfI restriction digestion profile of mtDNA of some of the representative isolates. Value at each branch node indicates the branch quality with 1000 bootstrap replications. The scale represents the similarity. Figure 4 PFGE karyotype patterns of isolates belonging to M. guilliermondii and M. caribbica genotype groups. Lane 1: C. guilliermondii ATCC 6260; Lane 2 − 3:

M. guilliermondii isolates A1S10Y1 and Kw2S11Y2; Lane 4 − 11: M. caribbica isolates A1S10Y2a, A1S10Y3, A1S10Y5, Kw3S2Y1, Kw2S3Y1, Kw3S3Y3, Kw3S3Y4 and Kw1S7Y2; Lane M: S. cerevisiae PFGE marker (Sigma-Aldrich). Right arrow indicates the co-migrating chromosomal doublets showing strain level diversity. Discussion In recent times, the frequency of emerging infectious diseases caused by the opportunistic yeast species of NAC and non-Candida groups has increased in immunosuppressed patients [12, 44]. This is linked with the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antifungal drugs and global climate change [45–47]. Most of these closely related yeast species are often misidentified by the conventional phenotypic, biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility methods.