The dose and orientation of the antigen Lumacaftor order towards HSP in the fusion gene may have clinical implications for the design and optimization of HSP-based vaccines [21, 29, 55, 56]. Regarding to the previous studies, the increasing amount of N-terminal fragment of gp96 leads to rise in the percentage of the peptide-specific T cells responses [21]. Therefore, higher dose of rE7-NT-gp96 protein might produce more effective immune responses. Many studies have been focused on applying different delivery systems and adjuvants to increase the immunogenicity of E7 expressing protein vaccines [57, 58]. SmithKline Beecham Biologicals have prepared vaccine formulations of a recombinant fusion protein

with a range of adjuvants based on combinations of the immunostimulants such as MPL and QS21 in different vehicles

like liposomes, oil-in-water emulsions or aluminium HSP inhibitor review salts. Formulations including immunostimulants MPL and QS21 leads to the induction of CTL responses and ultimately to tumour rejection [58]. Another study demonstrated that ISCOMATRIX adjuvant stimulates both cellular and humoral immune responses when co-administered with recombinant HPV16-derived E6E7 or E7GST fusion proteins [59]. In our study, it is suggestible to examine the effect of different adjuvants and delivery systems on the fusion protein vaccine potency enhancement. In summary, our result indicated that the recombinant E7-NT-gp96 without any adjuvant elicit efficient Sorafenib E7-specific immune responses. The fusion of NT-gp96 to E7 leads to Th1 directed immune responses. E7-NT-gp96

fusion protein could delay tumour occurrence and growth in comparison with E7 protein alone. Considering the efficient immune-enhancing effects provided by E7-NT-gp96, it is worth to determine the effect of fusion direction of NT-gp96 towards E7 in this vaccine modality. EM thanks Pasteur Institute of Iran for the grants supporting her PhD studentship. The authors wish to thank Mr. A. Javadi (Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Immunology) and also Mr. Sh. Alizadeh (Pasteur institute of Iran, Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory) for their technical assistance. “
“Natural Treg cells acquire their lineage-determining transcription factor Foxp3 during development in the thymus and are important in maintaining immunologic tolerance. Here, we analyzed the composition of the thymic Treg-cell pool using RAG2-GFP/FoxP3-RFP dual reporter mice and found that a population of long-lived GFP− Treg cells exists in the thymus. These long-lived Treg cells substantially increased with age, to a point where they represent >90% of the total thymic Treg-cell pool at 6 months of age. In contrast, long-lived conventional T cells remained at ∼15% of the total thymic pool at 6 months of age.