TEM was also performed on sorted DN subpopulations expanded in 24-well plates. Selleck Crenigacestat Calculations and statistics Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. Non-tumour versus tumour results were compared using non-parametric tests and one-tailed unpaired t-tests. Population variances were first compared using Instat-3.3.6 to inform the choice of equal/unequal variance between populations. The proliferation:senescence ratio was calculated based upon the data shown in Figure 2B – the linear regression slopes of proliferation graphs and the percentages

of senescent cells at the timepoint measured. Results Primary breast cultures recapitulate the cellular balance of human breast Primary cultures of both non-tumour (NT) and tumour (T) human breast tissue yielded adherent organoids with outwardly-proliferating colonies (Figure 1A, left). Two cellular p38 MAPK inhibitor check details populations were observed – large polygonal cells in colony centres (lpc; Figure 1A, right), and small polygonal cells (spc) at the peripheries. Since spc and lpc resembled respectively myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells, expression of epithelial and myoepithelial markers was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy (Figure 1B). In comparison to the negative control (-ve), cultures were mostly dual-positive

for epithelial markers such as K18, K19 or epithelial-specific antigen (ESA) and myoepithelial markers such as K14, vimentin or smooth muscle actin (SMA). Western blot (Figure 1C) detection of K18 was not as sensitive as immufluorescence analysis, since only Tau-protein kinase some of the cultures expressed K18. Interestingly

our analysis (Figure 1C) also revealed that 3 out of 4 non-tumour cultures expressed high levels of the epithelial marker K19 and low levels of the myoepithelial marker p63. In contrast, 3 out of 4 tumour cultures expressed low levels of K19 but high levels of p63. Western blotting analysis also confirmed high expression of the myoepithelial marker vimentin. Figure 1 Characterization of tumour and non-tumour primary cultures. A. Organoid-derived cultures (A, top panels, 10X magnification) from both tumour and non-tumour specimens had large polygonal cells (lower panels, lpc) surrounded by small polygonal cells (lower panels, spc, 20X magnification). B. Representative tumour and non-tumour cultures (passages 1-3) were analyzed for expression of the epithelial markers K19, K18 and ESA and the myoepithelial markers SMA, K14 and vimentin (scale bar 50 μm). C. Representative cultures were immunoblotted for expression of epithelial (K19, K18) and myoepithelial (vimentin, p63) markers. Ultrastructural and functional properties of breast primary cultures separate non-tumour and tumour primary cultures Ultrastructural analysis of matched cultures was undertaken to confirm differences between tumour and non-tumour specimens (Figure 2).