Such a method has been found to have a low risk of infection, and it takes into account esthetic considerations for patients. However, since long hair can become a hindrance to surgery, it is essential to preoperatively manage such hair and maintain a clear operating field. In this study, we braided patients’ long hair to obtain a good operating field during scalp or cranial surgery. The advantages

of our method are that it can be performed easily in a short period of time, does not require special instruments, and does not damage hair because rubber bands are used minimally. It is a useful method that minimizes shaving of long-haired patients for surgeries of the head and reduces Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor cumbersome steps.”
“Purpose of review

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders associated with

various co-morbidities. Neurological co-morbidities include motor impairments, epilepsy, and sleep dysfunction. These impairments have been receiving more attention recently, perhaps because of their significant impact on the behavior and cognitive function of children with ASDs. Here, we review the epidemiology, etiology, and clinical approach to these neurological co-morbidities and highlight future research directions.

Recent findings

Motor impairments include stereotypies, motor delays, and deficits, such as dyspraxia, incoordination, and gait problems. Sleep dysfunction typically presents learn more as difficulty with sleep onset and prolonged awakenings during the night. Recent

data suggest that abnormalities in melatonin may affect sleep and may be a potential BIX 01294 mw treatment target. There is no classic epilepsy syndrome associated with ASDs. Intellectual disability, syndromic autism, and female sex are specific risk factors. Recent research has focused on identifying the overlapping pathways between these neurological co-morbidities and the core deficits in ASDs, which may have direct and powerful implications for treatment and prognosis.

Summary

Motor impairment, epilepsy, and sleep dysfunction are common neurological comorbidities in ASDs. Clinicians should be aware that recognition and treatment of these issues may improve the function and outcome of children with ASDs.”
“Reconstructive goals for orbitozygomaticomaxillary complex fractures include restoration of orbital volume, facial projection, and facial width. Delayed reconstruction is made more difficult by malunion, nonunion, bony absorption, loss of the soft tissue envelope, and scar. Three-dimensional intraoperative navigation, widely used in neurosurgery and sinus surgery, can improve the accuracy with which bony reduction is performed. This is particularly useful in the setting of bony absorption and comminution. We report a case of delayed reconstruction of an orbitozygomaticomaxillary complex fracture using intraoperative navigation and review this technology’s utility in this setting.