In an Iranian center for male IDUs, anti-HCV prevalence was 80% (363/454; 95% CI: 76%, 84%).[29] Among juvenile detainee samples (n = 18), estimated summary prevalence was 4% (95% CI: 3%, 6%) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 92%, 95% CI: 88%-94%). The only significant variable in meta-regressions was the proportion with IDU history (meta-regression co-efficient 0.004, P = 0.032, adjusted R2 = 52.3%). Among juvenile detainees with a history of IDU (two sources) prevalence was 66% (45/68; 95% CI: 54%, 77%) in a mixed-sex sample in Bulgaria[30] mTOR inhibitor and 36% (19/53; 95% CI: 24%, 49%) in a male sample from Australia.[31] Table 2 shows the regional coverage of our data sources

and prevalence of anti-HCV among detainees. Extrapolating our findings to the global prisoner population, we estimate that 2.2 million prison detainees are anti-HCV positive (range 1.4 million-2.9 million) (Table 2). The largest populations of anti-HCV positive prisoners are in North America (668,500 persons, range 553,500-784,000) and East and South-East Asia (638,000 persons,

range 332,000-970,000). Additional analyses of anti-HCV prevalence among detainees who have injected drugs or obtained tattoos while detained are provided in the Supporting Materials. HCV infection is an extensive problem among detainees of prisons and other closed settings globally. One in four Bortezomib price detainees overall, and two in three detainees with a history of drug injection, are anti-HCV positive. With at least 10 million people detained in prisons or other closed settings at any point in time,[32] this translates to 2.2 million prisoners being anti-HCV positive; several times

that number pass through a closed setting each year, making transmission both in and outside of detention a serious concern. We found consistent evidence that incident HCV infection occurs in closed settings, particularly among detainees who inject drugs. Widespread implementation of preventive measures is urgently needed to address HCV transmission in prisons and other closed settings. Multicomponent interventions that combine evidence-based drug dependence treatment and access to sterile needles and syringes are most effective in reducing HCV seroconversion among many people who inject drugs.[33, 34] These interventions can be provided safely in closed settings and have the additional benefit of reducing HIV transmission risk,[35, 36] but have rarely been implemented.[37, 38] Although there is value in providing risk reduction education and counseling to detainees, this approach alone is not considered sufficient to prevent HCV transmission.[34] In addition to their role in HCV prevention, our findings suggest that closed settings are important sites for the diagnosis and treatment of prevalent infection. Voluntary HCV testing of detainees has the potential to vastly increase the number of people who are aware of their infection, enabling them to take steps to address their personal risks for disease progression (e.g.