For the extracranial parts of the arteries, a high frequency linear transducer (≥7.5 MHz) should be used. The use of a sector probe for the distal portion of the ICA is strongly recommended, as the stenosis is frequently located much further distally to atherothrombotic disease [17] and [18]. For the intracranial arteries, a phased array transducer (≥2 MHz) is recommended. The ultrasound

investigation usually reveals absent or only mild atherosclerosis due to the fact that dissections occur in middle aged people [3], [19], GSK126 in vivo [20], [21] and [22]. A higher incidence of kinking or coiling of arteries has been reported in patients with cervical artery dissection [23]. However, other investigators could not confirm this arterial elongation as a regular finding in this patient group [24]. In patients with fibromuscular dysplasia, a known risk factor for cervical artery dissection [25], irregular wall thickening, multisegmental stenosis or an aberrant course of the ICA are frequently found [26] and [27]. The typical angiographic signs of an ICA dissection have first been described at first in conventional

transfemoral angiography restricted to intraluminal pathologies [28] • Smooth or slightly Venetoclax research buy irregular tapered stenosis B-mode ultrasound investigation also visualizes the arterial wall and the surrounding tissue. The typical direct finding of a dissection of the ICA is the detection of a wall thickening of low echogenicity caused by the intramural hematoma with adjacent thrombotic material leading to a stenosis of this artery [17], [22] and [29] (see Fig. 1). In contrast to

atherosclerotic stenosis which is predominantly located at the proximal part of the ICA, the stenosis due to dissection is found primarily in the distal part of the ICA [21] and [30]. Therefore it is often helpful to examine the distal part of the ICA with a sector probe especially in patients with a short neck, a prominent mandibular angle or a high bifurcation of the carotid artery. The detection rate of an intramural hematoma in the ICA by ultrasound is about 15–25% [17], [22], [29] and [31] (Fig. 2). Another direct ultrasound sign of spontaneous cervical artery dissection is a Lck “double lumen” which is found very rarely in the ICA. It is a result of a ruptured Tunica intima due to the space occupying intramural hematoma. The sonographic detection rate varies between 0 and 2% [17] and [31]. More diagnostic sensitivity is achieved when performing a duplex sonography with measurement of the blood flow velocity and with graduation of stenosis. Due to the fact that a stenosis caused by a dissection is located at the more distal part of the ICA this arterial segment has to be investigated with a sector probe more often. The sector probe has a lower spatial resolution with a lower chance to detect the intramural hematoma directly. In summary the detection of a stenosis in an arterial segment usually not affected by atherosclerosis is the most frequent finding.