Cell layers were rinsed twice with PBS before being fixed with 3.7% w/v paraformaldehyde for 15 min. Fixed cell layers were permeabilised using 0.1% v/v Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 min and rinsed in PBS. Samples were blocked for 30 min with 1% w/v bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS to prevent non-specific

binding, followed by incubation with the primary mouse anti-human MDR1 antibodies: 15 μg/ml MRK16 (Abnova, Newmarket, UK) or 20 μg/ml UIC2 (Enzo Life Selleck PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor 2 Sciences, Exeter, UK) in blocking solution for 60 min at 37 °C. Cells were washed in 1% w/v BSA in PBS to remove unbound primary antibody before incubation with a solution of the secondary FITC-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG (1:64) in PBS, for a further 30 min. Cell nuclei were counter-stained with propidium iodide (PI) 1 μg/ml in PBS for 30 s. Inserts were

washed with PBS before the filter was excised and mounted on a slide using DABCO anti-fade mounting media. Samples were imaged by a Meta 510 confocal microscope (Zeiss, Welwyn Garden City, UK), excited at 485 nm and 543 nm wavelengths and emission observed at 519 nm and 617 nm for FITC and PI, respectively. Z-stack reconstructions of samples were the average of four images for every 0.5 μm slice through the sample. On the day of 3H-digoxin transport studies, cells were detached from Transwell® inserts using trypsin and resuspended in 0.5% v/v FBS in PBS. The cell suspension was adjusted to 1 selleck screening library million cells/ml and 100 μl

samples were transferred to clean flow cytometry tubes. Primary anti-MDR1 antibodies (either MRK16 (1 μg) or UIC2 (0.2 μg)) were added and samples incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Cells were washed and pelleted in cold ‘stop solution’ (0.5% v/v FBS and 0.1% w/v sodium azide in PBS). The supernatant was decanted, and cells were resuspended in 100 μl ‘stop solution’ containing FITC-labelled goat anti-mouse IgG (1:1000) and incubated at 4 °C for 30 min. After two PBS wash steps to remove any unbound secondary antibody, samples were fixed by the addition of 500 μl fixing solution (0.5% v/v formaldehyde in PBS) and stored at 4 °C in the dark for up to 1 week before analysis. An unstained ADP ribosylation factor sample and the appropriate isotype controls were included in each analysis to address autofluorescence and non-specific binding, respectively. For data analysis, each sample population was gated to only include cells of interest based on either their forward scatter (cell size) and/or side scatter (cell granularity) profiles. Dead cells were identified from optimisation experiments with PI and excluded from the analysis. A total of 30,000 events were collected for each sample. Raw data were analysed using WinMDI 2.9 software (build #2, 6-19-2000; Scripps Research Institute: http://facs.scripps.edu/software.html) and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) value was determined as MFI = [MFI value for sample] − [MFI value for isotype/unstained sample] for each marker.