Alternatively, there are at least two solution theories available which allow the prediction of osmolality in non-ideal multi-solute solutions using only

single-solute (i.e. binary solution) data: the form of the multi-solute osmotic virial equation developed by Elliott et al. [7], [14], [15], [55] and [56], and the freezing point summation model of Kleinhans and Mazur [38]. The primary aim of this work is to compare predictions of multi-solute solution osmolality made with these two non-ideal solution theories to available experimental data, to one another, and to ideal dilute model predictions. This work expands upon earlier comparisons [14] and [55], employing a buy Pictilisib larger set of literature data, and addressing statistical and thermodynamic issues in the previous studies. As mentioned above, osmolality, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure are all related to one another and,

ultimately, to water chemical potential. As these properties will be used interchangeably throughout this paper, http://www.selleckchem.com/TGF-beta.html we have summarized the relationships between them here. Osmolality, π  , is mathematically defined as [14] equation(1) π=-μ1-μ1oRTM1,where μ  1 is the chemical potential of water, μ1o is the chemical potential of pure water, R   is the universal gas constant, T   is absolute temperature (in Kelvin), and M  1 is the molar mass of water (note that the subscript “1” is typically reserved for the solvent—in this case, water). Freezing point depression, ΔT  m, and osmolality

are related by [55] equation(2) ΔTm=Tmo-Tm=RTmoπM1/Δsf1∘‾1+RπM1/Δsf1∘‾,or, equivalently equation(3) π=ΔTmRTm[M1/Δsf1∘]‾=Tmo-TmRTmM1/Δsf1∘‾,where T  m is the absolute freezing point of the solution, Tmo is the absolute freezing point of pure water, and Δsf1∘‾ is the standard molar entropy change of fusion of water. Eq. (3) is commonly linearized as π=ΔTm/1.86π=ΔTm/1.86; however, this linearization introduces considerable error [55] and will not be used here. Osmotic pressure, Π, is related to osmolality by [55] equation(4) Π=RTρ1π,Π=RTρ1π,where ρ1 is the density of water. Levetiracetam The values and units of the constants in Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4) are contained in Table 1. The Elliott et al. multi-solute osmotic virial equation is based on the osmotic virial equation of McMillan and Mayer [45], an equation of state in which the osmolality is represented as a polynomial in terms of solute concentration. Depending on the underlying theoretical assumptions, different units of concentration can be used, giving two distinct thermodynamic models [14]. In terms of molal concentration or molality (i.e.