The authors applied the methodology of Synolakis, 1987 to assess the influence of wave form on the analytical expressions for runup of different types of non-breaking N-waves. They found that the runup of a leading depressed N-wave is greater than the runup of an equivalent (i.e., same

amplitude) leading elevation N-wave or solitary wave (runup law (3)). However, there are still significant Selleck GSK2118436 and fundamental gaps in the understanding of the behaviour of trough-led waves, due to the difficulty in generating these waves experimentally, and the scarcity of available field observations. Another wave type often assumed to represent tsunami is a bore, a common form of long wave, approaching the shoreline. The amplitude of long waves increases as they move into shallower waters until the point of wave breaking.

With this approach the bore selleck height is the main parameter to be related to runup. Baldock and Holmes (1999) analytically derived a runup equation for bores in their study of swash oscillations, by using laws of motion for a body with constant deceleration and the results of previous studies. These authors also took into account the type of energy transfer around the shoreline, and derived equation (5), which describes the unsaturated runup (i.e., runup corresponding to the first swash) as a function of the flow velocity, or the bore height (HbHb). The coefficient C(12

of the efficiency of converting kinetic to potential energy during runup. A small number of studies provide additional information regarding other factors that may influence runup. Borthwick et al. (2006) showed numerically that for a/h>0.015a/h>0.015, the runup decreases as the friction coefficient increases, showing that bed friction can influence runup. For a frictionless case, Borthwick et al. (2006) found there was no change in runup regime Suplatast tosilate at a/h=0.015a/h=0.015. In this case (3) would apply to all waves. Moreover, their results indicated for a given value of the friction coefficient, there is an upper limit to the runup irrespective of the beach slope. Synolakis (1986) suggested that breaking waves run up higher than non-breaking waves, and by generating bores of different lengths, highlighted a dependence between the displacement and duration of plate motion and the maximum runup, which would suggest that the wavelength influences runup. However, for bores with duration greater than 10.8 s, all runups tend to a common value, which Synolakis (1986) suggests is explained by the significant reflected wave generated at the beach. Finally, Li and Raichlen (2003) measured runup experimentally and applied an energy balance to obtain equation (6).