Here, using a morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-based loss-of-function strategy, we have generated a model of NAIC in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Zebrafish Cirhin shows substantial homology to the human homolog, and cirh1a mRNA is

expressed in developing hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells. Injection of two independent MOs directed against cirh1a at the one-cell stage causes defects in canalicular and biliary morphology in 5 dpf larvae. In addition, 5 dpf Cirhin-deficient larvae have dose-dependent defects in hepatobiliary function, as assayed by the metabolism of an ingested fluorescent lipid reporter. Previous yeast and in vitro studies have shown that defects in ribosome biogenesis cause stabilization and nuclear accumulation of p53, which in turn causes p53-mediated cell cycle GSK126 purchase arrest and/or apoptosis. Thus, the nucleolus appears to function as a cellular stress sensor in some cell types. In accordance with this hypothesis, transcriptional targets of p53 are upregulated in Cirhin-deficient zebrafish check details embryos, and defects in biliary function seen in Cirhin-deficient larvae are completely abrogated by mutation of tp53. Our data provide the first in vivo evidence of a role for Cirhin in biliary development, and support the hypothesis that congenital

defects affecting ribosome biogenesis can activate a cellular stress response mediated by p53.”
“Purpose of review\n\nIn this review, we focus on the clinical features, diagnosis, outcome and management of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (BCAP) in HIV-infected patients, with particular attention to the most recent findings

in this area.\n\nRecent findings\n\nClinical features of BCAP are often atypical in HIV-infected individuals, especially when liver cirrhosis is also present. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative agent and is frequently associated with bacteriemic disease even in low-risk patients according to pneumonia severity index. An etiologic diagnosis is obtained in selleck products an average 35% of cases with standard culture methods. In such conditions, urinary antigen test for S. pneumoniae identification may help in reaching a rapid and etiologic diagnosis. CD4 cell count should be carefully considered in HIV patients with BCAP. In consideration of their high mortality risk, patients with a CD4 cell count of less than 200 cells/mu l should be hospitalized, whereas those with a CD4 cell count of at least 200 cells/mu l could be managed according to pneumonia severity index score. Empiric antibiotic therapy should include a combination of a beta-lactam and a macrolide or a respiratory fluoroquinolone alone. Finally, prevention strategies should include lifestyle modification, highly active antiretroviral therapy access and adherence programs and the implementation of pneumococcal vaccination.