A decreased level of activation in the prefrontal cortex and an increased level of activation in the parietal neural networks from the patient group may document an altered verbal working memory process in the patients with AD. Copyright

(c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.”
“Apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of reovirus encephalitis and myocarditis in infected animals. Differences in apoptosis efficiency displayed by reovirus strains are linked to the viral mu 1-encoding M2 gene segment. Studies using pharmacologic inhibitors of reovirus replication demonstrate that apoptosis induction by reovirus requires viral disassembly in cellular endosomes but not RNA synthesis. Since the mu 1 protein functions to pierce endosomal membranes during this temporal

window, these findings point to an important role for mu 1 in activating signaling click here pathways that lead to apoptosis. To understand mechanisms used by mu 1 to induce apoptosis, a panel of mu 1 mutant viruses generated by reverse genetics was analyzed for the capacities to penetrate host cell membranes, activate proapoptotic signaling pathways, evoke cell death, and produce encephalitis in newborn mice. We found that single amino acid changes Citarinostat solubility dmso within the delta region of mu 1 reduce the efficiency of membrane penetration. These mutations also diminish the capacities of reovirus to activate proapoptotic transcription factors NF-kappa B and IRF-3 and elicit apoptosis. Additionally, we observed that following intracranial inoculation, an apoptosis-deficient mu 1 mutant is less virulent in newborn mice in comparison to the wild-type virus. These results indicate a critical function for the membrane penetration activity of mu 1 in evoking prodeath signaling pathways that regulate

reovirus Electron transport chain pathogenesis.”
“Background/Aims: The present study investigated cortical correlates of top-down processes in visual-object working memory with multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. Methods: The activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was investigated while performing an n-back task with sequentially presented task-relevant and task-irrelevant faces. The activation patterns in the PFC associated with working memory and interference resolution were examined in 20 healthy adults. Results: We found a bilateral enhancement of oxygenated haemoglobin in the lateral PFC for remembering relevant faces and in the right lateral PFC for ignoring irrelevant faces. Oxygenation for relevant and irrelevant faces did not differ significantly, indicating that memory processes and interference resolution were interdependent functions, which were subserved by comparable prefrontal regions. Conclusion: This supports the notion that the prefrontal activity during working memory tasks reflects not only maintenance processes but also attentional monitoring and selection processes. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.