* = significant time effect (p < .01). Post hoc analyses show no significant difference was observed between treatments in any of the other sets (p > .05). Values are mean ± standard deviation. Blood lactate and glucose concentrations There was a main effect for time and treatment (p < .01) as well as an interaction for blood lactate concentration during exercise (F = 2.57, η 2  = 0.20, p < .01). Post hoc analyses show that blood lactate concentrations in CAF + PLA and CAF + CHO conditions were significantly higher than those INCB28060 datasheet in PLA + CHO and PLA + PLA conditions for Sets 5, 8, and 10 throughout the RSE (p < .05; Figure 5A). Blood

lactate concentration increased from Set 1 to the last Set and was significantly higher than pre-test (p < .01) in all conditions. Figure 5 Changes in blood lactate (A) and glucose (B) concentration at pre-test and after set 1, 5, 8, and 10 for the conditions of caffeine + placebo (CAF + PLA), caffeine + carbohydrate (CAF + CHO), placebo + carbohydrate (PLA + CHO), and placebo + placebo (PLA + PLA). selleck * = significant

increase from pre-test (p < .01). # = significant increase from pre-test in the CAF + CHO (p < .05). † = significant decrease from set 1 in the PLA + CHO (p < .05). a = significant difference between CAF + CHO and PLA + CHO (p < .05). b = significant difference between CAF + CHO and PLA + PLA (p < .05). c = significant difference between CAF + PLA and PLA + CHO (p < .05). d = significant difference between CAF + PLA and PLA + PLA (p < .05). e = significant difference between CAF + PLA and PLA + CHO (p < .05). f = significant difference between PLA + CHO and PLA + PLA (p < .05). Values are mean ± standard deviation. There was an interaction for blood glucose concentration (F = 7.53, η 2  = 0.43,

p < .01) as well as a main effect for treatment and time during exercise. Post hoc for treatment shows blood glucose was significantly higher in PLA + CHO compared with other treatments at pre-test and Set 1 during RSE, but caffeine ingestion combined with oxyclozanide carbohydrate or placebo significantly increased glucose levels during subsequent RSE (Figure 5B). In addition, post hoc analyses show that blood glucose concentration was significantly higher at Set 1 compared to pre-test in CAF + CHO (p < .01), and higher blood glucose at Set 1 versus Set 5 in PLA + CHO (p < .05). In addition, blood glucose concentration remained stable throughout RSE with CAF + PLA and PLA + PLA ingestion (p > .05). Serum cortisol and testosterone concentrations No significant interaction was observed for serum cortisol (F = 0.34, η 2  = 0.33, p = .79) or testosterone (F = 0.31, η 2  = 0.03, p = .59), and there was no treatment effect for serum cortisol (F = 0.86, η 2  = 0.08, p = .48) or testosterone (F = 3.60, η 2  = 0.26, p = .09).