e. at approximately 6 weeks after initiation of treatment for

the opportunistic infection [73]. Whilst this study supports early treatment, it does not show whether immediate treatment at time of PCP diagnosis or waiting for a response to PCP treatment (usually within 4–7 days) is the best strategy. Furthermore, recruitment to the study excluded those with severe laboratory abnormalities and required patients to be able to take oral medication – suggesting possible pre-screening selection bias in favour of less sick patients. Cabozantinib research buy Case reports of acute inflammatory syndromes, predominantly in the first 2 weeks of HAART, exist [74] but although IRIS has been reported following early use of HAART post-PCP selleck chemicals llc [75], this appears to be relatively infrequent. Based on this information, some clinicians would treat immediately whilst others may prefer to see a clinical response to PCP treatment. The improvements in systemic and local immunity following continuous use of HAART translate

into a very low risk of PCP if prophylaxis is discontinued in populations with CD4 T-cell counts sustained >200 cells/μL for more than 3 months [76,77]. In practice this is usually undertaken when an individual’s plasma HIV viral load is persistently at undetectable levels. If the peripheral CD4 count falls below 200 cells/μL, PCP prophylaxis should be recommenced. A recent observational study involving over 23 000 individuals has suggested that episodes of PCP are no more frequent in individuals with CD4 T-cell counts of 100–200 cells/μL Casein kinase 1 and an undetectable HIV viral load

(defined in the COHERE study as <400 copies/mL) who do not receive prophylaxis than in those who do [78]. A second smaller observational study also suggested that PCP prophylaxis could be stopped in individuals with a CD4 T-cell count <200 cells/μL when the viral load is undetectable. This study did not define the CD4 T-cell count threshold at which this could be performed [79]. On the basis of these findings some providers may consider stopping PCP prophylaxis in individuals with CD4 counts 100–200 cells/μL, persistently undetectable HIV viral loads (<50 copies/mL) and maximal adherence to their HAART regimen. Healthcare providers should be aware that this is an evolving area and there are no randomised clinical studies to inform clinical practice and a formal recommendation to stop therapy in most cases in this range cannot currently be made. This option should therefore only be considered in selected individuals where there is felt to be some clear advantage to stopping prophylaxis at a CD4 T-cell count 100–200 cells/μL, generally for reasons of treatment toxicity or to improve adherence to other medications.