Transcriptional analysis was performed by real-time PCR to confirm whether the increment of MnP production was caused by the bee2 promoter-regulated expression. gpd, the only housekeeping gene cloned from this strain, was

used as an internal control. For native mnp4, the transcription level at day 4 was the highest selleck products in each strain and markedly decreased from day 8 (Fig. 5a). Janse et al. (1998) reported that transcription of all MnP isozymes at 2 weeks was higher than the transcription of those at 8 weeks in P. chrysosporium grown on hardwood meal. This observation was consistent with the results of our present transcriptional analysis of native mnp4 in P. sordida YK-624. In contrast to native mnp4, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html we observed high levels of recombinant mnp4 transcription from days 4 to 16 days in BM-65 (Fig. 5b). These results suggest that the transcription of recombinant mnp4 is involved in the increase in MnP production in beech wood meal. Thus, the bee2 promoter is more useful than the GPD promoter under

wood-rotting conditions. To conclude, we identified a protein BUNA2, which was highly produced by P. sordida YK-624 under wood-rotting conditions. The promoter region of the BUNA2 gene, designated bee2, was successfully cloned and demonstrated to be a www.selleck.co.jp/products/cobimetinib-gdc-0973-rg7420.html useful regulator for the high expression of genes under conditions suitable for lignin degradation. In addition, we found that the overexpression of mnp4 under the control of the bee2 promoter is effective for improving the ligninolytic properties in this fungus. Thus, the molecular breeding of superior lignin-degrading fungi for the pretreatment of woody biomass in the production

of bioethanol is possible by the high expression of multiple ligninolytic enzyme genes driven by the bee2 promoter. This work was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (No. 21248023) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. “
“Sortase A (SrtA), a transpeptidase, anchors surface proteins with an LPXTG-motif sorting signal to the cell envelope. To determine the role of SrtA in the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus, we constructed a mutant strain, ∆SrtA, by genetic techniques and identified its functions in a S. aureus-induced mastitis mouse model. The histological and myeloperoxidase (MPO) level results showed that the ∆SrtA strain attenuated the inflammatory reaction in the mammary tissue of mice compared with wild-type S. aureus challenge.