JAK inhibitor I was from Merck (Billerica, MA, USA). Antibodies against GSK3β, phosphorylated Akt (T308), phosphorylated p70S6 K (T389), and epidermal growth factor

receptor (EGFR) were from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies of phosphorylated GSK3β (S9), p21, p16, phosphorylated histone H3 (S10), and cleaved PARP (24 kDa) were from Epitomics (Burlingame, CA, USA). Antibodies of fibronectin, snail, STAT3, phosphorylated STAT3 (Y705), and MCP1 were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). The antibody of cyclin D1 (CCND1) was from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA). Antibodies of E-cadherin and p27 were from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). The antibody of γH2AX was from Abnova (Walnut, CA, USA). The IL-8 promoter reporter was kindly provided by Dr. Yueh-Hsin Ping (National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan). check details The COX2 promoter reporter and the NF-κB activity reporter were kindly provided by Dr. Shih-Ming Huang (National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan). Human sera were collected from two healthy 20-30 years old Taiwanese males without habits of smoking,

alcohol drinking, and betel quid Lumacaftor chewing. Before collection, the donors were completely informed about the experimental procedures and agreed on paper consent. The independently collected sera in different tubes with no personal information were stored at 4 °C and used in experiments within three days. All the procedures were under supervision of the donors and the review board in Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan. For AO/EtBr staining, AO/EtBr mixture was added to the medium to a final concentration of 10 μg/ml. Ten minutes later, cells were washed, kept in PBS and observed immediately under the fluorescence microscope. Cell lysate preparation and Western blot were performed as described [18]. The results were the representatives from at least two independent experiments. The photometric intensity was determined using the software Image J. After washing three times with PBS, cells in 10 cm culture dishes were scraped into 1 ml ice-cold fractionation buffer composed of 250 mM

sucrose, 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 10 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, and the freshly added 1 mM DTT and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase After incubation on ice for about 5-10 minutes, cells were passed through gauge 26 needles equipped with 1 ml syringes 10 times. The passing-through was centrifuged at 800 x g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was harvested as the cytoplasmic fraction and mixed with corresponding amount of 4X Laemmli loading dye. The pellet, or the nuclear fraction, was washed twice with fractionation buffer by centrifugation and directly dissolved in 300 μl 4X Laemmli loading dye. After boiling, samples in equal amount were run for Western blot. OC2 cells were transfected with reporter vectors using Turbofect according to manufacturer’s instruction.