The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), supplemented with 1.5 g/l sodium bicarbonate, 10 mM

HEPES, pH 7.4, 100 U/ml penicillin G, 100 μg/ml streptomycin and 10% fetal calf serum at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere consisting of 95% air and 5% CO2. Cells were passaged approximately twice a week and detached using a 0.25% trypsin–EDTA solution. Cultures with 75–90% confluency and greater than 95% of viable cells in trypan-blue exclusion tests were use for the experiments, and the cells were seeded selleck chemicals llc the day prior to the addition of the compound. The catalytic activity of LDH is determined by the rate of disappearance of NADH measured at 340 nm. Briefly, 1 × 105 cells/well were seeded in 24-well plates and incubated for 24 h with G8 and G12. Kinetic monitoring of LDH activity in the supernatant was performed spectrophotometrically p38 MAPK inhibitors clinical trials (T6 UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Beijing Purkinje General Instrument Co. Ltd., China) at 340 nm (Boo et al., 2009). LDH activity was calculated using a molar extinction

coefficient for NADH at 340 nm of 6220 M−1 cm−1. The values were normalized as a percentage of cell viability, considering 100% viable cells in the control. The loss of cell viability was calculated as the percentage increase in LDH activity in the extracellular environment. The sulforhodamine B (SRB) test is used to determine the cell density based on the protein content of viable cells. B16F10 cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated for 24 h with G8 and G12. The results were expressed as a percentage of the control, in which the fluorescence intensity obtained was considered equivalent to 100% viable cells (Vichai and Kirtikara, 2006). The neutral red (NR) uptake assay is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind the NR dye in lysosomes (Repetto et al., 2008). B16F10 cells

were seeded at a density of 1 × 104 cells/well in 96-well Pomalidomide clinical trial plates and incubated with G8 and G12 for 24 h. The NR incorporated within lysosomes was extracted and monitored spectrophotometrically (ELx800 Absorbance Microplate Reader, BioTek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA) at 540 nm. The results were expressed as a percentage of the control, considering the optical density obtained in the control group as equivalent to 100% viable cells. The MTT method was used to determine cell viability through measurement of mitochondrial activity (Mosmann, 1983). Cells (1 × 104) were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated with 0.5 mg/ml MTT at 37 °C for 2 h. The purple formazan formed was monitored spectrophotometrically (ELx800 Absorbance Microplate Reader, BioTek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT, USA) at 540 nm. The optical density of the control group (cells without the compounds) was considered equivalent to 100% viable cells, and cell viability was calculated as a percentage of the control.