Specific principles of Cisplatin-resistance are reduced uptake or

Specific principles of Cisplatin-resistance are reduced uptake or increased efflux of platinum compounds via heavy metal transporters, cellular compartimentation, detoxification of bioactive platinum aquo-complexes by Sulphur-containing peptides or proteins, increased DNA repair, and alterations in apoptotic signaling pathways (reviewed in [5]). Cisplatin and Carboplatin resistant cells are cross-resistant in all yet known cases. In contrast, Oxaliplatin resistant tumours often are not cross-resistant,

pointing to a different https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LDE225(NVP-LDE225).html mechanism of action. Cisplatin resistance occurs intrinsic (i.e. colon carcinomas [13]) or acquired (i.e. ovarian carcinomas [14]), but some tumour specimens show no tendency

to aquire resistance at all (i.e. testicular cancer [12]). Reduced accumulation of Platinum compounds in the cytosol can be caused by reduced uptake, Proteasome inhibitor increased efflux, or cellular compartimentation. Several ATP JNK-IN-8 molecular weight binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins are involved like MRP2 and MRP6, Ctr1 and Ctr2, and ATP7A and ATP7B, respectively [15, 16]. However, the degree of reduced intracellular Cisplatin accumulation often is not directly proportional to the observed level of resistance. This may be owed to the fact that usually several mechanisms of Cisplatin resistance emerge simultaneously. Another mechanism of resistance is acquired imbalance of apoptotic pathways. With respect to drug targets, chemoresistance can Demeclocycline also be triggered by overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases: ERB B1-4, IGF-1R, VEGFR 1-3, and PDGF receptor family

members (reviewed in [17, 18]). ERB B2 (also called HER 2) for instance activates the small G protein RAS leading to downstream signaling of MAPK and proliferation as well as PI3K/AKT pathway and cell survival. Experiments with recombinant expression of ERB B2 confirmed this mechanism of resistance. Meanwhile, numerous researchers are focussed on finding new strategies to overcome chemoresistance and thousands of publications are availible. Another very recently discovered mechanism of cisplatin resistance is differential expression of microRNA. RNA interference (RNAi) is initiated by double-stranded RNA fragments (dsRNA). These dsRNAs are furtheron catalytically cut into short peaces with a length of 21-28 nucleotides. Gene silencing is then performed by binding their complementary single stranded RNA, i.e. messenger RNA (mRNA), thereby inhibiting the mRNAs translation into functional proteins. MicroRNAs are endogenously processed short RNA fragments, which are expressed in order to modify the expression level of certain genes [19]. This mechanism of silencing genes might have tremendous impact on resistance research.

Comments are closed.