Chromatographic

separation was carried out in a Phenomenex Luna C18 column (250.0 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of MeCN and water. A multistep gradient program was used as follows: 8% MeCN (0 min), 54% MeCN (45 min), 54% MeCN (55 min) and 95% MeCN (70 min). The flow rate was 0.8 mL/min, injection volume was 20 μL (4 mg/mL), and UV detection was at 296 nm (Gao et al., 2010). Toad venom was collected from the secretion of R. marina and R. guttatus in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The animals were identified by one of the authors (D. J. Rodrigues – IBAMA, SISBIO: www.selleckchem.com/products/obeticholic-acid.html number 30034-1). Voucher specimens (R. marina – ABAM-H 1262 and R. guttatus – ABAM-H 1538) were deposited in the Acervo Biológico da Amazônia Meridional (Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil). Nine samples (10.0 mg each) of toad venom of R. marina and R. guttatus were separated by gender (male/female), dried, powdered and extracted three times (5 mL) with CHCl3/MeOH

(8:2) by ultrasonication for 10 min at room temperature. The extracts were qualitatively analyzed by HPLC and LC–MS, and they were identified by the following codes: RMF – R. marina female, RMM – R. marina male, RGF – R. guttatus female and RGM – R. guttatus male ( Gao et al., 2010). Reference standards of two authentic bufadienolides, namely telocinobufagin and marinobufagin, were supplied by Dr. Geraldino A. Cunha-Filho (University AZD6244 concentration of Brasilia, Brazil). Heparinized human blood samples (from healthy, non-smoker donors who had not taken any drug for at least 15 days prior to sampling, aged 18–35 years old) were collected, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated by the standard method of density-gradient centrifugation over Ficoll–Hypaque. All studies were performed in accordance Verteporfin mouse with Brazilian research guidelines (Law 196/96, National Council of Health) and with the Declaration of Helsinki. Leukemia (HL-60), colon (HCT-116), glioblastoma (SF-295) and ovarian (OVCAR-8) tumor cells and PBMC were grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin,

at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. The cytotoxic properties of the extracts were assessed by colorimetric assays after 72 h exposure using HL-60, SF-295, HCT-116, OVCAR-8 and PMBC. Cell proliferation was determined spectrophotometrically using a multiplate reader (DTX 880 Multimode Detector, Beckman Coulter). Control groups (negative and positive) received the same amount of dimethylsulfoxide solvent (0.1% DMSO) as test groups. Doxorubicin (Dox, 0.005–5.0 μg/mL) was used as positive control. The cytotoxicity against HL-60, SF-295, HCT-116 and OVCAR-8 human cancer cells was determined by the MTT assay (Mosmann, 1983), which analyzes the ability of living cells to reduce the yellow dye 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) to a purple formazan product.