, 2001) as well as a number of buy Dabrafenib cognitive and behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of symptoms in schizophrenia. This is therefore an interesting model to test specifically the neurophysiological correlates of altered cognition that may be associated with risk for the disease. The observation of enhanced firing in KO mice is consistent with convergent reports of disinhibited cortical circuits in other animal models and in patients. The critical new observation here is that awake reactivation is abolished in KO mice while basic physiology of place cells is intact. The findings indicate that

altered calcineurin in the forebrain can yield not only synaptic plasticity deficits but also disinhibited hippocampus and altered complex behavioral outcomes. Altered replay in calcineurin KO mice connects a schizophrenia-relevant developmental manipulation with dysfunctional adult hippocampal circuits and loss of a critical Gefitinib in vitro physiological process for learning. Thus, the loss of awake replay in calcineurin KO mice provides a glimpse into what could be fundamental

mechanisms perhaps relevant to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and related disorders. The neurophysiological bases of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and other disorders with altered cognition are not well known, and more rational use of animal models such as in Suh et al. (2013) is needed to advance schizophrenia research. Progress in this field may be limited by difficulties in reproducing critical aspects of these disorders in rodents and to unrealistic expectations about what animal models can deliver. The field has been

preoccupied, if not obsessed, with determining whether animal models are “valid,” and a large number of studies were aimed at establishing validity in different models. While validity criteria are useful for animal models of disorders with known etiology and/or pathophysiology, they have hampered research in psychiatry. We cannot expect to reproduce a disease as complex and uniquely human as schizophrenia in a rodent, and therefore all quest for validity is fraught. very However, we can utilize manipulations in rodents to test hypotheses related to possible etiological factors and/or pathophysiological scenarios; animal models are most useful when, instead of making any claims of disease reproduction, they are used as tools to probe specific hypotheses, such as behavioral or physiological consequences of genetic manipulations related to risk genes, the neurobiological impact of environmental factors contributing to risk for the disorder or testing consequences of altered developmental trajectories in brain circuits or cell types associated with schizophrenia (O’Donnell, 2013). Suh et al.