These findings also support the existing free-radical theory of aging, which states that organisms become older and become senescent because cells acquire free radical-induced damage over time (Harman, 1981; Ames et al., 1993; Beckman & Ames, 1998). As the process of PCD has been found to be evolutionarily conserved (Ameisen, 2002), revealing its mechanism in a bacterial system such as Xcg could be of great help

in deciphering the evolutionary linkage of this process. We thank Bhaskar Sanyal and Ashish Shrivastva for their help in performing ESR spectroscopy and HPLC analysis, respectively. “
“The chrysene-degrading bacterium Pseudoxanthomonas selleck products sp. PNK-04 was isolated from a coal sample. Three novel metabolites, hydroxyphenanthroic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and salicylic acid, were identified by TLC, HPLC and MS. Key enzyme activities, namely 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase, salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase and catechol-1,2-dioxygenase, were noted in the cell-free extract. These results suggest

that chrysene is catabolized via hydroxyphenanthroic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic EPZ5676 order acid, salicylic acid and catechol. The terminal aromatic metabolite, catechol, is then catabolized by catechol-1,2-dioxygenase to cis,cis-muconic acid, ultimately forming TCA cycle intermediates. Based on these studies, the proposed catabolic pathway for chrysene degradation by strain PNK-04 is chrysene hydroxyphenanthroic acid 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene salicylic acid catechol cis,cis-muconic acid. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds of environmental and health concern. Some PAHs and their biotransformation products have been shown to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic to higher organisms and resistant to microbial degradation (Cerniglia, 1992; Kanaly & Harayama, 2000). Low-molecular-weight PAHs, composed of two or three aromatic rings, can be biodegraded under favourable Fossariinae conditions; PAHs with four rings

or more are recalcitrant to biodegradation and may persist for long periods in the environment. Chrysene is a high-molecular-weight PAH consisting of four fused benzene rings. Among PAHs, it is classified as a priority pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency (Smith et al., 1989). The major goal of bioremediation is to transform organic pollutants into simple innocuous metabolites or mineralize them into carbon dioxide and water (Alexander, 1999). Microorganisms play an important role in the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. The use of microorganisms for bioremediation requires knowledge of the metabolic pathway of aromatic compounds in the organisms. However, successful bioremediation has been limited by the failure to remove high-molecular-weight PAHs (Wilson & Jones, 1993) such as chrysene. There are very few reports on the utilization of chrysene as a sole carbon source (Demane’che et al.