The oxidative status of hepatocytes in the presence of MCT (5 mM) was evaluated by measuring the levels of GSH and protein thiol. We observed a time-related decrease in these parameters (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, respectively), with the GSH level being depleted more rapidly than that of protein thiols. As shown in Fig. 4, DTT caused a significant decrease in GSH oxidation induced by MCT, and fructose was unable to prevent this effect. Pre-incubation with DTT significantly inhibited the oxidation of protein thiol groups caused by MCT; however, in the cells that were previously incubated with fructose, we did not observe www.selleckchem.com/CDK.html any protection (Fig. 5). Fig. 6 shows that MCT induces

programmed cell death. After 60 min of incubation, the cell suspension that received only MCT showed a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells compared to the control cells (without the addition of MCT). When the hepatocytes were incubated with 20 mM fructose or 10 mM DTT prior to MCT (5 mM) treatment, however, a lower frequency

of apoptotic cells was observed, and this protection was evident until the end of the incubation period (90 min). MCT, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid phytotoxin, has well-documented hepatotoxicity both for animals and humans (Mclean, 1970, Mattocks, 1986, Huxtable, 1989, Stegelmeier et al., 1999 and Nobre et al., 2004, 2005). Cytochrome P-450 in the liver bio-activates MCT to an alkylating pyrrole derivative, SCH772984 manufacturer DHM, which is considered

responsible for the toxic effects of MCT (Butler et al., 1970, Lafranconi and Huxtable, 1984, Roth and Reindel, 1990 and Pan et al., 1993). Previously, we have demonstrated that DHM, but not MCT, is toxic to hepatocytes by mechanisms involving mitochondrial respiration dysfunction (Mingatto et al., 2007). Furthermore, we have also shown that the exposure of isolated perfused liver of phenobarbital-treated rats to MCT results in bioenergetic metabolism failure, which may reflect cell death due to decreased cellular ATP (Mingatto et al., 2008). In addition, we demonstrated that DHM can promote cellular apoptosis by inducing MPT and cytochrome c release (Santos et al., 2009). GSH is present in most cells, and it is the most abundant thiol in the intracellular medium (Meister and Anderson, 1983). Its activity in the cell may be to scavenge chemical compounds and their metabolites by enzymatic and chemical tuclazepam mechanisms, capturing the electrophilic substances before they can react at nucleophilic sites critical to cell viability (De Bethizy and Hayes, 2001). It may also act as a substrate for glutathione peroxidase, thereby reducing the destruction caused by free radicals and xenobiotics (Reed, 1990). After treatment of hepatocytes with MCT it was observed that the GSH levels were drastically reduced, and by adding DTT, a thiol reducing compound (Nicotera et al., 1985) at a concentration of 10 mM, no change was observed in GSH levels, protecting the cells.