Confocal fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) of transiently GFP-MdRABE1 overexpressing interphase cells demonstrated that the GFP-MdRABE1 protein was localized Daporinad nmr to the endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, exocytotic vesicles, the cell margin, the membranes of cell organelles, and in the isthmus zone around the nucleus. Although overexpression phenotyping of both N- and C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions failed to indicate

additional functional evidence of the MdRABE1 protein due to mortality of those transgenic cells, its expression profile, bioinformatics, and intracellular localization suggest a role in vesicle trafficking during morphogenesis. “
“Methionine (Met) residues of proteins can be oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the formation of two epimers of methionine sulfoxide, S-MetSO and R-MetSO, which are reduced back to methionine by methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA)

and B (MSRB), respectively. UfMSRA and UfMSRB were cloned from the marine macroalga Ulva fasciata Delile, and the role of retrograde signal in gene Selleck HM781-36B expression was studied. Transcripts of UfMSRA and UfMSRB were increased after light exposure with a peak at 1 h. Treatment of photosynthetic electron transport inhibitors, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), or stigmatellin, promoted the light-activated increase in UfMSRA transcripts, and a PSI electron donor, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), reversed their effects. Increase of UfMSRB transcript by light was inhibited by DCMU and DBMIB treatments, and their effects were not reversed by DCPIP. Stigmatellin treatment did not affect UfMSRB transcripts. Thus, a relatively oxidized state of electron transport downstream from the cytochrome b6f (cytb6 f ) complex is involved in the light up-regulation of UfMSRA gene expression, and a more reduced state of Qo of the cytb6 f complex is required for the light activation of gene VAV2 expression

of UfMSRB. “
“Species of Volvox sect. Volvox (Volvocaceae, Chlorophyceae) are unique because they have thick cytoplasmic bridges between somatic cells and spiny-walled zygotes. This section is taxonomically important because the genus Volvox is polyphyletic. However, taxonomic studies of species in Volvox sect. Volvox have not been carried out on cultured material. Here, we performed a taxonomic study of monoecious species of Volvox sect. Volvox based on the comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny of chloroplast genes and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear rDNA using various strains originating from Japan and two preserved strains from the USA. The strains were clearly divided into four species, V. globator L., V. barberi W. Shaw, V. kirkiorum sp. nov., and V. ferrisii sp. nov.